This 1962 letter reveals Rustin's fight for justice on behalf of war tax resister Max Sandin, a principled man suffering government retaliation for his pacifist beliefs during the Cold War.
Integration or Separation: Bayard Rustin Debates Malcolm X at the Community Church of New York
In this electrifying 1962 debate, Rustin championed integration and coalition-based nonviolence, while Malcolm X advanced a vision of Black separation and self-determination outside a hypocritical white society. The encounter distilled two competing strategies for identity, power, and survival in America.
