Cleaver’s essay recounts how seven years in exile shattered his faith in authoritarian revolutionary ideals and led him to recognize the imperfect but real accountability mechanisms within American democracy. His experiences abroad, combined with Watergate and the Church Committee revelations, convinced him that the U.S. still allowed forms of dissent, scrutiny, and self-correction absent in the regimes he had fled.
Bayard Rustin’s “Negro Revolution in 1965” Address at the Center for Democratic Institutions
The speech “Negro Revolution in 1965,” delivered by Bayard Rustin at the Center for Democratic Institutions in 1964, articulated a crucial vision for the evolving civil rights movement. Rustin framed the movement as both a push for integration into American society and a revolutionary force demanding substantive systemic change. He analyzed the contradictions within existing American institutions and challenged assumptions about what true equality would require, emphasizing that while many African Americans sought inclusion within current frameworks, the existing structures were fundamentally incapable of fulfilling the demands for justice and fairness. Rustin also discussed the importance of coalition-building across racial and ideological lines, stressing the need to engage not only African Americans but also progressive whites, labor, and other groups to achieve lasting social transformation. His address reflected a nuanced understanding of the movement’s challenges and possibilities as it prepared to transition from protest to policy-driven advocacy.
